《科学》（20250207出版）一周论文导读
发布时间: 2025-02-10 07:36:14
Science, 7 FEB 2025, VOLUME 387, ISSUE 6734
《科学》2025年2月7日，第387卷，6734期
物理学Physics
Four-dimensional conserved topological charge vectors in plasmonic quasicrystals
等离子准晶体中的四维守恒拓扑电荷矢量
▲ 作者：SHAI TSESSES, PASCAL DREHER, DAVID JANOSCHKA, ALEXANDER NEUHAUS, KOBI COHEN, TIM C. MEILER, TOMER BUCHER, SHAY SAPIR, BETTINA FRANK, AND GUY BARTAL
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt2495
▲摘要：物理系统的对称性和拓扑结构与控制拓扑性质的对称性密切相关。准晶体是有序系统，但没有平移或旋转对称性。理论研究表明，准晶体可以理解为高维晶体在低维空间上的投影。
研究者开发了一个基于等离子体的系统，用于研究该投影对拓扑不变量的影响。当进入四维空间并将其投射到二维空间时，光波在等离子准晶体上的复杂动力学表现出四维拓扑电荷矢量的运动和相关的拓扑电荷守恒定律。这种方法有助于在更高维度上研究拓扑系统。
▲ Abstract：The symmetry and topology of physical systems are closely related to the symmetries governing the topological properties. Quasicrystals are ordered systems but have no translation or rotational symmetries. Theoretical work has shown that quasicrystals can be understood as the projection of a higher-dimensional crystal onto a lower-dimensional space. Tsesses et al. developed a plasmonic-based system in which to study the implications of that projection for topological invariants. When going into four-dimensional space and projecting it down into two dimensions, the complex dynamics of light waves on the plasmonic quasicrystal exhibited motions of four-dimensional topological charge vectors and associated topological charge conservation laws. This approach allows the study of topological systems in higher dimensions.
Squeezed dual-comb spectroscopy
压缩双梳光谱学
▲ 作者：DANIEL I. HERMAN, MATHIEU WALSH, MOLLY KATE KREIDER, NOAH LORDI, EUGENE J. TSAO, ALEXANDER J. LIND, MATTHEW HEYRICH, JOSHUA COMBES, JéR?ME GENEST, AND SCOTT A. DIDDAMS
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads6292
▲摘要：光学频率梳和双梳光谱已经被证明可以实现高分辨率光谱。研究者将双梳光谱学应用于量子体系，证明了在光学频率梳中使用量子力学压缩光的计量优势。
他们利用压缩光的双频梳状光谱提高了分子检测的灵敏度。对于硫化氢，量子噪声的降低导致了气体浓度测定的两倍量子加速。这种方法将激发利用压缩状态进行频率梳计量，高分辨率光谱和传感应用的进一步发展。
▲ Abstract：Optical-frequency combs and dual-comb spectroscopy have already been shown to enable high-resolution spectroscopy. Herman et al. have now taken dual-comb spectroscopy to the quantum regime, demonstrating the metrological advantage of using quantum mechanically squeezed light in optical-frequency combs. Dual-frequency comb spectroscopy using squeezed light enhances the sensitivity of molecular detection, in this case for hydrogen sulfide, with the quantum noise reduction leading to a twofold quantum speedup in the determination of gas concentration. This approach will motivate further development using squeezed states for frequency comb metrology, high-resolution spectroscopy, and sensing applications.
生物学Biology
Does the mantis shrimp pack a phononic shield？
螳螂虾有音障吗？
▲ 作者：N. A. ALDERETE, S. SANDEEP, S. RAETZ, M. ASGARI, M. ABI GHANEM , AND H. D. ESPINOSA
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7100
▲ 摘要：螳螂虾以其快速有力地攻击猎物的能力而闻名，无论是直接攻击还是由于空化气泡的迅速破裂，都不会对自身造成重大伤害。这种能力很大程度上归因于虾的dactyl棒状结构的复杂、多尺度组织以及由此产生的机械性能。
研究者利用快速光谱技术揭示了该结构在声子屏蔽能力方面的作用，表明它可以有效地过滤剪切波，以减轻撞击过程中的冲击力。
▲ Abstract：The mantis shrimp is known for its ability to rapidly and forcefully strike its prey, both directly and due to the rapid collapse of cavitation bubbles, without sustaining significant damage. Much of this ability has been attributed to the complex multiscale organization of the structure of the shrimp’s dactyl club and its resultant mechanical properties. Alderete et al. used fast spectroscopy techniques to disclose the effect of the club structure in terms of its phononic shielding abilities, showing that it can effectively filter shear waves to mitigate impact forces during strikes.
Whale song shows language-like statistical structure
鲸鱼歌声显示出类似语言的统计结构
▲ 作者：INBAL ARNON, SIMON KIRBY, JENNY A. ALLEN, CLAIRE GARRIGUE, EMMA L. CARROLL, AND ELLEN C. GARLAND
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7100
▲摘要：座头鲸的歌声是一种文化传播行为。人类语言也是文化传播行为，它有统计上连贯的部分，其频率分布遵循幂律。这些特性有助于学习，因此可能是因为它们有助于语言在多文化世代中忠实地传播。
研究者将基于婴儿语音分割的方法应用于长达8年的座头鲸录音记录，发现鲸鱼歌曲中具有与人类语言相同的统计结构。在两个进化距离较远的物种中，这种共性指出了学习和文化传播在人类语言特性出现中的作用，这些特性此前被认为是人类语言独有的。
▲ Abstract：Humpback whale song is a culturally transmitted behavior. Human language, which is also culturally transmitted, has statistically coherent parts whose frequency distribution follows a power law. These properties facilitate learning and may therefore arise because of their contribution to the faithful transmission of language over multiple cultural generations.In this study, we applied methods based on infant speech segmentation to 8 years of humpback recordings, uncovering in whale song the same statistical structure that is a hallmark of human language. This commonality, in two evolutionarily distant species, points to the role of learning and cultural transmission in the emergence of properties thought to be unique to human language.
医学Medical Science
Kidney multiome-based genetic scorecard reveals convergent coding and regulatory variants
研究者建立肾病多组学资源库
▲ 作者：YHONGBO LIU , AMIN ABEDINI, EUNJI HA, ZIYUAN MA, XIN SHENG, BERNHARD DUMOULIN, CHENGXIANG QIU, TAMAS ARANYI, SHEN LI, AND KATALIN SUSZTAK
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp4753
▲摘要：肾病因为多种原因变得相当普遍，会极大地引发并发症并导致死亡。为了帮助解决这一问题，研究者构建了一个庞大的资源库，包括200多万病患的遗传数据和数百人的肾脏详细检查资料，并对其中一个子集以单细胞精度进行了研究。
除了识别导致各种类型肾脏疾病的大量遗传变异外，研究者还设计了一个遗传记分卡，以帮助识别其他相关基因、细胞类型和潜在的治疗靶点。
▲ Abstract：Kidney disease due to a variety of underlying conditions is quite common and contributes greatly to patient complications, healthcare costs, and mortality. To help address this problem in a comprehensive way, Liu et al. compiled a massive resource consisting of genetic data on more than 2 million human patients and detailed examination of the kidneys for hundreds of individuals, with a subset studied at single-cell precision. In addition to identifying a multitude of genetic variants that contribute to various types of kidney disease, the authors have devised a genetic scorecard to assist in the identification of additional relevant genes, cell types, and potential therapeutic targets.
Supersaturation mutagenesis reveals adaptive rewiring of essential genes among malaria parasites
过饱和诱变揭示了疟疾寄生虫中必需基因的适应性重新布线
▲ 作者：JENNA OBERSTALLER, SHULIN XU, DEBOKI NASKAR, MIN ZHANG, CHENGQI WANG, JUSTIN GIBBONS, CAMILLA VALENTE PIRES, MATTHEW MAYHO, THOMAS D. OTTO, AND JOHN H. ADAMS
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7347
▲摘要：疟疾的控制受到不断出现的药物和杀虫剂耐药性的困扰。随着人们认识到从灵长类动物向人类传播的人畜共患疟疾，在引起疟疾的寄生虫（疟原虫）中寻找新靶点的工作变得更加紧迫。研究者在亚洲猕猴中流行的诺氏疟原虫中实现了接近饱和的转座突变筛选，指出了疟原虫中可能提供干预靶点的必要基因。
这些分析表明，诺氏疟原虫具有高水平的代谢可塑性，这可能使其能够适应新的宿主。比较分析表明，虽然许多基因在疟原虫物种之间趋同，但差异表明在某些位点存在物种特异性适应和耐药性选择。
▲ Abstract：Malaria control is haunted by the continual emergence of drug and insecticide resistance. The search to find new targets in the parasite that causes malaria (Plasmodium spp.) has become even more urgent with the recognition of zoonotic malaria transmitting from primates to humans. Oberstaller et al. and Elsworth et al. achieved near saturation transposon mutagenesis screens in Plasmodium knowlesi, endemic in Asian macaque monkeys, which points to essential genes among plasmodia that may provide targets for intervention. These analyses showed that P. knowlesi has a high level of metabolic plasticity that may have enabled it to adapt to new hosts. Comparative analysis showed that although many genes are conserved among Plasmodium species, differences indicate species-specific adaptations and selection for drug resistance at certain loci.
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